As is known to the public, GYLA monitors criminal cases of persons detained in the context of protests. One of the alarming circumstances in these cases is the occurrence of ill-treatment, which, by its nature, amounts to criminally punishable acts prohibited by the Constitution of Georgia and international human rights treaties (including, depending on the circumstances, conduct that may amount to the crimes provided for in Articles 144¹, 144², and 144³ of the Criminal Code—torture, threat of torture, and degrading or inhuman treatment).

Seventeen persons at different times indicated facts of ill-treatment, while ten described conditions in the penitentiary institution that may amount to ill-treatment. GYLA provides a brief factual overview concerning both mistreatment during detention and subsequent ill-treatment or conditions in the penitentiary institution.

In the part of these cases concerning mistreatment, GYLA represents the interests of Sakharov Prize laureate, founder of “Batumelebi” and “Netgazeti,” journalist Mzia Amaglobeli, and Saba Skhvitaridze. The information on all other cases is based on statements made by individuals during the observation of open court hearings, as well as materials obtained through media monitoring, with reference to the relevant sources.

I. Ill-treatment during and/or after detention

1. Mzia Amaglobeli: On January 12, 2025, at approximately 1:00 a.m., police officers illegally and violently detained Mzia Amaglobeli at the entrance of the Adjara Police Department. As a result, she sustained physical injuries and her jacket was torn off. When she was taken into the yard of the police department, Batumi Police Chief Irakli Dgebuadze verbally abused her, cursed her, and threatened to “sweat her.” He also attempted to physically assault Mzia Amaglobeli in the yard, but was restrained by his own officers.

The ill-treatment continued inside the police department building, where Dgebuadze spat in her face, denied her water, and prohibited her from using the restroom. In addition, Mzia Amaglobeli was denied access to a lawyer for several hours. She was searched without the presence of her lawyers and handcuffed behind her back for the purpose of humiliation, despite there being no necessity for such a measure.

GYLA is already pursuing this case before the Strasbourg Court. The Prosecutor’s Office has not even granted Mzia Amaglobeli victim status.

2. Saba Skhvitaridze: On December 5, 2024, at night, Saba Skhvitaridze, together with his father, Zaza Skhvitaridze, was traveling from Tbilisi to Guria. Near the city of Zestaponi, the police detained him without any explanation and placed him in a patrol police car. As for Zaza Skhvitaridze, officers confiscated his mobile phone and did not allow him to inform his lawyer about the incident. Despite his request, representatives of the MIA did not turn on the rear cameras and did not provide any explanation regarding the grounds for the detention.

Near the city of Gori, Saba Skhvitaridze was transferred from the patrol car to the back seat of a Toyota Camry. Four people entered the car with him and drove toward Tbilisi. During the drive, Saba Skhvitaridze was verbally abused. One of the men threatened to sexually assault him with a so-called baton.

Upon arrival at the Tbilisi Police Department building, Skhvitaridze was taken to the 5th floor, where the four men began to psychologically abuse him. They demanded that he confess to attacking a police officer. When Saba Skhvitaridze denied committing the crime, four masked men in khaki tactical clothing entered the room and physically abused him for 5–10 minutes. They beat him with their hands and feet, struck his limbs, stomach, chest, and head, kicked him when he fell, pressed their feet on the little finger of his left hand, and attempted to break it. As a result of the violence, Saba Skhvitaridze experienced severe physical pain, lost consciousness at one point, and sustained a concussion. Afterward, the four men involved in transporting him returned to the room and again demanded a confession. They threatened that he would be placed in the so-called “chicken” cell in the penitentiary.

Another episode of violence occurred when Skhvitaridze was taken to the 8th floor of the same building. He was first brought to one of the managers, who verbally abused him, and then to investigator Salome Edisherashvili. After it became clear that Skhvitaridze would not answer questions, Edisherashvili left the room, and five individuals physically assaulted him. They restrained him, beat him on the body and head, and broke a wooden object from Edisherashvili’s table over his head. Due to the concussion, Saba Skhvitaridze suffered another episode of loss of consciousness, after which the violence stopped. Edisherashvili returned to the room and continued questioning, but again received no answers.

At approximately 05:00, Saba Skhvitaridze was placed in a temporary detention center. His injuries were documented by the detention center doctor, and photographs were taken.

Saba Skhvitaridze has been granted victim status. GYLA became involved in the case in February 2026, after which investigative actions resumed, and Saba’s mother and brother were questioned. GYLA continues to pursue the case on behalf of the victim at both the local and international levels.

3. Revaz Kiknadze: He indicated that he was forced to confess to a crime and implicate others under psychological pressure and verbal abuse, with the promise that such cooperation would result in a more “loyal” attitude from the system. He was kidnapped near Lake Lisi and threatened with being buried alive. Kiknadze also stated that after being transferred to Ortachala, he was threatened inside the Criminal Police Department building. One of the individuals said: “Let’s take him downstairs and put him on an enema or on a bottle of champagne,” to which another replied: “He might escape, it’s a dirty job — let’s wear gloves.”

4. Nikoloz Katsia: He indicated that during his arrest he was treated with ridicule and insults, called "Ryzhika", used foul language towards him and told him that he had to confirm whatever they said.

5. Anatoly Gigauri: The defense stated during the trial that the policeman himself physically injured Gigauri by punching him in the face multiple times, and all of this was confirmed by video evidence.

6. David Khomeriki: He pointed out the facts of threats of sexual violence, psychological and physical violence, as well as nudity.

7. Davit Lomidze: He indicated that he was beaten during his arrest. He had spinal problems. As a result of the beating, his condition worsened and he required surgery.

8. Temur Zasokashvili: He noted that law enforcement officers also physically abused him during his arrest. According to his lawyer, in the Zahese detention center, he, like Lomidze, was forced to sign a confession under psychological pressure. ¹

9. Archil Museliantsi He indicated that she was threatened and offered cooperation. She was told to lay hands on political officials.

10. Anastasia Zinovkina: She explained that she was threatened with death, violence, and sexual assault. One of the police officers placed his hand on her genitals and threatened to punish her with that spot if she moved. She was arrested without witnesses or videotaping. Zinovkina indicated that she could identify the police officer who took her phone. The same police officer put the drugs in her jacket pocket. Zinovkina recalled that the “police officer” threatened to “use” her if she continued to look at her jacket. After placing drugs in the detainee’s jacket, they forced him to put them on. Only after this “operation” did the official search begin. The woman tried to see everything, but they threatened to rape her if she continued to look around.

11. Artem Gribul: He indicated aggressive treatment and threats of sexual violence during his arrest.

12. Aleko Elisashvili: At the first presentation hearing, he stated that he was put in a car and beaten during his arrest.²

13. Tevdore Abramov: He noted that after being taken to the police department, he was stripped naked and made to wear masks. They mocked him for his earrings and tattoos, and used insulting words for his association with the protests.

14. Tornike Mchedlishvili: He stated at the trial that after his arrest, when he was taken from Gurjaani, he was cursed at, threatened with physical harm and rape, and used the following wording: “I will help you.”

15. Vakhtang Pitskhelauri: He stated that he was subjected to violence and insults, including towards his family. He was dragged out of the car, dragged a certain distance, hit in the shoulders three times, and threatened: “Don’t stand next to Burchuladze… you’ll see now.” As it turned out at the trial, Vakhtang Pitskhelauri had superficial visible injuries on his hands and body. According to his lawyer, Pitskhelauri was kidnapped, his rights were not explained to him during the arrest, and he was not given a copy of the arrest report.³

16. David Zhgenti: He indicated that he was beaten by officers of the Special Tasks Department (SDT) during and after his arrest. According to his lawyer, during his arrest, they took David Zhgenti to the presidential palace, where several people physically assaulted him. According to his lawyer, David Zhgenti had injuries to his eye socket, head, neck, arms, back, and chest.

17. Amiran Dolishvili noted that he was beaten by special forces at home during his arrest.

II. Mistreatment in a penitentiary institution

10 defendants spoke about the conditions and treatment in the penitentiary. Specifically: Nikoloz Katsia, Giorgi Akhobadze, Insaf Aliyev, Zurab Menteshashvili, Denis Kulanin, Artem Gribul, Anton Chechin, Nana Sanderi, Nino Datashvili, Anastasia Zinovkina, either themselves or through their human rights defenders, pointed out the challenges in the penitentiary. Their stories concern both basic living conditions and nutrition, security and access to medical services.

2.1. Nutrition, Financial Resources and Security (Nikoloz Katsia)

Public sources reported that Nikoloz Katsia⁴ was not provided with food in the penitentiary and that other convicts were using the funds in his personal bank account. The Public Defender’s Office of Georgia also reported on this: during a meeting with its representatives, Katsia indicated multiple violations of his rights in the penitentiary. ⁵ At the court hearing on 21 February 2025, he stated that prison service employees made him “do a lot of things” before the trial.

Anastasia Zinovkina’s lawyer noted that Zinovkina is allergic to carrots: “She says that carrots are in all foods and, because of this, she cannot eat the food offered by the prison administration.” ⁶

According to local legislation and international standards, a penitentiary institution is obliged to ensure proper nutrition and adequate living conditions for both accused and convicted persons. It is unacceptable, for the purpose of punishment, not only to refuse to provide food but even to reduce its calorie content. ⁷ Such conduct may constitute torture or inhuman treatment.

The penitentiary service is obliged to protect prisoners from violence and exploitation by other prisoners, ⁸ and any restriction or manipulation of food may constitute signs of torture or inhuman treatment. ⁹ GYLA called on the Special Penitentiary Service to execute the imprisonment imposed on Nikoloz Katsia in accordance with the rights guaranteed by the Constitution of Georgia, international treaties of Georgia, and the Penitentiary Code. The organization also called on the Special Investigation Service, which existed at that time, to respond to the inhumane conditions of Nikoloz Katsia and to conduct an effective investigation. ¹⁰

In addition, during the judicial review of criminal cases, a number of defendants resorted to an extreme form of protest — a hunger strike.

It is noteworthy that the initiation of a hunger strike by prisoners is an extreme form of protest, directed both against the substantive circumstances of the criminal cases against them and the alleged mistreatment or conditions in the penitentiary institution.

2.2. Sanitary problems and living conditions (Giorgi Akhobadze, Insaf Aliyev, Zurab Menteshashvili, Denis Kulanin, Artem Gribul, Anton Chechin)

Several defendants also pointed to other problems in the penitentiary. On 19 July 2025, a letter from Giorgi Akhobadze was publicly circulated, ¹¹ in which he described unbearable heat and ventilation problems in the institution, noting that they had been asking for a fan to be brought to the store for a long time, that the heat was unimaginable, they were “literally suffocating in these boxes,” and it was impossible to sleep at night, asking how a fan could not be delivered for two weeks. On 11 August 2025, Insaf Aliyev’s lawyer stated that the defendant had begun a hunger strike and explained that there were cockroaches in the cell, which resulted in Aliyev and his cellmates being transferred to another cell where, according to the lawyer, there was no water and the sewage system was clogged, meaning they could not wash their hands or mouths or wash dishes, which prevented them from receiving food and effectively restricted their access to nutrition.

Two other prisoners, Zurab Menteshashvili¹² and Denis Kulanini, also reported the presence of cockroaches and unhygienic conditions in the penitentiary. The representative of the Public Defender, who visited Kulanin, reflected the harsh reality in the protocol drawn up after the visit. According to the representative, Kulanin stated that after being transferred to a solitary confinement cell, he did not have a bed for one week and slept on a mattress placed on the floor. He was also unable to take a shower or maintain basic hygiene. The representative further noted: “[…] P.S. The convict asked me to inspect the quarantine room. Quarantine room N2 is in a serious condition. There are cockroaches (I saw two dead cockroaches on the chair). The toilet is in a serious condition, it is unsanitary. The bed [pillows] are extremely dirty.” ¹³In addition, according to Artem Gribul’s lawyer, both Gribul and Anton Chechin were taken to a quarantine area that also had unsanitary conditions, cockroaches, and rotted walls and floors.¹⁴

2.3. Limited access to medical services (Nana Sanderi, Nino Datashvili, Anastasia Zinovkina, Insaf Aliyev)

On August 11, 2025, among other challenges, Insaf Aliyev’s lawyer highlighted the lack of medical care in the penitentiary: “Insaf Aliyev has health problems, requires medication and a needle every two days. Despite promises that his medication would be delivered, he still has limited access to the necessary medical supplies.”

Similarly, Nana Sander, a detainee connected to the October 4 events, reported inadequate medical care, stating that essential medication was not provided. She further explained that when she announced a hunger strike during one of the sessions, the prison director, Nestan Verulashvili, and other administration employees subjected her to intimidation upon her return to the prison. Sander described: “[…] During my hunger strike, they brought me photocopies of all the requests I had made to the doctor and nurse since my arrival at the prison, which I had previously submitted. Not even 20% of my concerns were recorded. Instead of holding the responsible doctor accountable, the prison director terrorized me. […] From the very first minutes of my arrival at the prison, a criminal offense was committed against me—inhuman treatment, which, as far as I know, is punishable by up to three years in prison. Additionally, there was sexual harassment by being forced to undress. At least five people were involved, including the prison director and his deputies, Mzia and Daji. I do not know if he may be a bad person, but this represents selective, inhumane treatment directed at me.” ¹⁵

Problems with timely medical care in the penitentiary were also evident in the case of Nino Datashvili. Despite repeated requests and petitions from her defense, Datashvili was ultimately released from the penitentiary only at the request of the prosecutor’s office, in exchange for bail and due to her deteriorating health. ¹⁶ Similarly, Anastasia Zinovkina reported her own health challenges and demanded appropriate support and treatment from the penitentiary. Her lawyer emphasized the inadequacy of medical care, noting: “Zinovkina has spinal problems. She is given painkillers, but proper treatment is not provided. In addition, the conditions of her imprisonment have been further tightened.” ¹⁷

Ineffectiveness of the investigation

Overall, the investigation into the above-mentioned cases is characterized by inefficiency. In addition, by abolishing the Special Investigation Service, the Georgian Dream has once again demonstrated that it does not intend to effectively investigate police violence and ill-treatment, fulfill the obligations assumed in the process of association with the European Union, implement the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, or take into account the recommendations of the Venice Commission.

It is noteworthy that in none of the cases, except for Saba Skhvitaridze, are any of the applicants for alleged ill-treatment recognized as victims.

An effective investigation requires five criteria: (1) independence of the investigation, (2) adequacy, (3) prompt conduct, (4) publicity, and (5) involvement of the victim. Given the current situation, doubts regarding the non-fulfillment of these criteria are justified. Accordingly, the investigative body must address these questions and provide the public with accurate information on why almost the absolute majority of prisoners alleging ill-treatment have not yet been granted victim status, and what the progress of the investigations is.

It is also noteworthy that criminal prosecution has not been initiated in most cases of violence against activists and journalists during the protests. The data reflected in the report of the Prosecutor's Office of Georgia (presented below) ¹⁸ further demonstrates the Office’s approach to procedural supervision of such cases. In 2024, the Special Investigation Service initiated investigations into 413 criminal cases, but criminal prosecution was carried out against only 105 individuals, of whom 24 were employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2 were employees of the Ministry of Defense, and 4 were employees of the Penitentiary Department. ¹⁹

It is noteworthy that the Public Defender of Georgia, in its 2024 report on the state of protection of human rights and freedoms, also emphasizes the devastating negative effect of the failure to investigate cases of ill-treatment. The failure to hold law enforcement officers accountable for the acts of violence committed during the spring 2024 protests, as well as the failure to implement effective preventive measures (for example, equipping special forces with identification marks), created the prerequisites for the even more widespread use of disproportionate force and ill-treatment during the protests (winter protests) from November 28, 2024 to March 1, 2025. ²⁰

The issue of impunity, and more specifically the effective investigation of all alleged ill-treatment by law enforcement agencies and prison staff, was also discussed at length in this year’s report on the visit of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture to Georgia. In this context, the Committee expressed concern over the abolition of the Special Investigation Service and the initiative to transfer its functions back to the Prosecutor’s Office. The Committee recalled that the establishment of an independent mechanism to investigate allegations of ill-treatment by law enforcement agencies has been a long-standing recommendation of both the Committee and other international actors, based on the recognition that the Prosecutor’s Office alone has been insufficiently effective in investigating such allegations. The abolition of this independent investigative body, rather than strengthening it, indicates a move in the opposite direction of what the Committee has long advocated. ²¹

On 9–11 March 2026, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe reviewed the progress in executing the “Tsintsabadze Group” cases. The Committee drew attention to the ongoing practice of ill-treatment by law enforcement officers, ineffective investigations, and the abolition of the Special Investigation Service, which undermines the effectiveness of an independent investigative mechanism. It strongly urged the state to investigate all allegations of ill-treatment, including those related to the 2024–2025 protests, ensure the protection of victims’ rights, and introduce robust preventive measures. ²²

III. Conclusions

This document discusses cases in which the full spectrum of treatment prohibited by the Constitution and international treaties against persons detained in the context of protests is evident. The physical violence described in various cases—long-term beatings, concussions, deterioration of health—along with sexual threats and behaviors equivalent to rape, threats of death and burial alive, and coercion to make confessions, demonstrates such intensity and deliberateness that it constitutes ill-treatment, and not merely abuse of authority.

Equally important are the conditions described in penitentiary institutions—cockroaches, unsanitary cells, being left without a bed, limited access to water and sanitation, food restriction or manipulation, and lack of proper response to chronic health problems—which indicate not isolated incidents, but a systemic practice that fails to ensure the dignity and physical and mental integrity of persons deprived of liberty. In such conditions, individuals remain in constant fear, insecurity, and complete dependence, which, under the logic of Article 3 of the European Convention, amounts to classic examples of inhuman and degrading treatment. Added to this is the high risk of a political component in these cases.

The fact that almost no person (except for Saba Skhvitaridze) has been granted victim status demonstrates the state’s failure to fulfill its positive obligation to ensure an effective, independent, prompt, and victim-centered investigation. This is further evidenced by the abolition of the Special Investigation Service and the return of these investigations to an institution long suspected of inefficiency and conflicts of interest. Moreover, the creation of an independent investigative mechanism was one of the key measures in implementing the “Tsintsabadze Group” cases, which the Committee welcomed. Last year, the Committee called on the State not to abolish the Special Investigation Service but to strengthen its independence. Since this recommendation has not been implemented, the Committee of Ministers calls on the State to provide a detailed explanation of how current institutional and operational mechanisms ensure the independence and effectiveness of the prosecution service in fulfilling the functions of the Special Investigation Service.23 The combination of these circumstances raises concerns that the political course taken by the authorities deviates from conventional standards.

1 Beating and psychological pressure after arrest, the case of Davit Lomidze and Temur Zasokashvili, Indigo, 25.04.2025, available at: https://indigo.com.ge/articles/davit-lomidzis-da-temur-zasoxashvilis-saqme.

2 It indicated that he was arrested within the scope of his first charge (a crime under Article 156, Part 2, Subparagraph "a" of the Criminal Code).

3 This occurred during an administrative detention, although it is related to a subsequent criminal detention.

4 Nikoloz Katsia left the penitentiary institution based on an acquittal.

5 On January 24, the Public Defender's representative visited Nikoloz Katsia in the penitentiary institution, Facebook page of the Public Defender of Georgia, 24.01.2025. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=1156605119167393&set=a.251767382984509 (updated: 01.04.2026).

6 Ibid

7 Penitentiary Code, Article 111.

8 National Preventive Mechanism Report 2024, Public Defender, 2025, pp. 29-32, available at: https://ombudsman.ge/res/docs/2025073016431741922.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com (updated: 01.04.2026).

9 Prison Code, Article 23 (1)

10 საია ნიკოლოზ კაციას არასათანადო საპატიმრო პირობებს ეხმიანება, საია, 24.01.2025. ხელმისაწვდომია: https://gyla.ge/post/saia-nikoloz-kacias-arasatanado-sapatimro-pirobebs-ekhmianeba (განახლებულია: 01.04.2026)

11 Giorgi Akhobadze left the penitentiary institution based on an acquittal.

12 “The video footage shot by the Penitentiary Service serves only one purpose - to mislead the public and divert attention to another topic with the distributed footage”, “Publica” Facebook page, 11.03.2026, available at: https://www.facebook.com/publika.ge/posts/-%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98-%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%AD%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91/1702879701111573/

13 "The convict is in inhumane conditions" - what the Ombudsman's representative writes about Denis Kulanin, "Publika", 13.03.2026, available at: https://publika.ge/msjavrdebuli-aris-araadamianur-pirobebshi-ras-wers-ombudsmenis-warmomadgeneli-denis-kulaninze/ (updated: 27.03.2026).

14 Artem Gribul accuses prison employee of degrading treatment, lawyer appeals to prosecutor's office, "Netgazeti", 03.03.2026, available at: https://netgazeti.ge/news/800190/ (27.03.2026)

15 "They have signed my death" - Nana Sanderi speaks about inhumane treatment in prison, 20.01.2026, "Netgazeti", available at: https://netgazeti.ge/news/796226/ (updated: 27.03.2026).

16 Nino Datashvili left prison, "Interpressnews", 29.10.2025, available at: Nino Datashvili left prison | News Agency "Interpressnews" https://www.interpressnews.ge/ka/article/853222-nino-datashvilma-sapatimro-datova/ (updated: 01.04.2026).

17 Anastasia Zinovkina - Why did the "Secret Session" consider that she poses a risk of danger? 21.01.2026. Available: Anastasia Zinovkina - Why did the "Secret Session" consider that she poses a risk of danger? https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94/33655708.html (Updated: 01.04.2026).

18 a Prosecutor's Office of Georgia, 2024 Activity Report, p. 61, available at: https://pog.gov.ge/uploads_script/resources/tmp/phpVDOUQu.pdf?subject=https://pog.gov.ge/uploads_script/resources/tmp/phpVDOUQu.pdf (updated: 01.04.2026).

19 2Results of the observation of politically motivated cases of persons detained in the context of protests in the first instance courts in 2024-2025, GYLA, 2025, p. 28, available at: https://admin.gyla.ge/uploads_script/publications/pdf/2024-2025%20wlebSi%20politikurad%20motivirebuli%20saqmeebi_geo.pdf (updated: 01.04.2026).

20 “Report of the Public Defender of Georgia on the State of Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms in Georgia, 2024”, p. 77. Available: https://ombudsman.ge/res/docs/2025040121291438156.pdf (updated: 01.04.2026).

21 CPT - Summary Report, pp. 2-3, available at:. https://rm.coe.int/48802b13b8 updated: 01.04.2026)

22 Decision of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe of 11 March 2026 on systemic challenges to ill-treatment/right to life, GYLA, 24.03.2026. Available at: https://gyla.ge/post/GYLA-tsintsabadzisjgupissaqmeebi-2026-11martis?fbclid=IwdGRjcAQ3qIJleHRuA2FlbQIxMQBzcnRjBmFwcF9pZAo2NjI4NTY4Mzc5AAEerJCV0onoyrWwAAD2rPFGdilOVJbx_1xTDDt6PgmKVWso4aZ6ynnhgMtytRM_aem_lAh8brUHdmTNyFyVyaurLg (last updated: 01.04.2026).

23 Ibid